CONNECTOR
Connectors adalah kata penghubung
atau conjunction memiliki 3 jenis yaitu : Coordinating Connectors, Subordinating
Connectors (cause connector, misal: because, because of) dan Correlative
Connectors (Not only…but also, either or…neither nor, both…and)
Coordinate connectors adalah
kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua konstruksi gramatikal yang
sama yaitu: kata, frasa (phrase), atau klausa (clause). Elemen yang
dihubungkan tersebut biasanya bersifat paralel (kedudukannya sejajar)
secara struktur gramatikal. Kata hubung ini sering digunakan
pada compound sentence untuk menghubungkan dua independent
clause.
Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Coordinate Connectors
Jika coordinate
connectors digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua independent
clause di dalam suatu compound sentence, maka tanda baca
koma (comma) ditempatkan tepat sebelum kata hubung tersebut.
Contoh Coordinate Connectors
Contoh kalimat dengan coordinate
connectors (FANBOYS) dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
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Coordinate
Connectors
|
Keterangan
|
Contoh
Kalimat Coordinate Connectors
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For
(karena) |
for diikuti reason (alasan)
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She didn’t
come last night, for she fell asleep.
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And
(dan) |
and menyatakan
hubungan penambahan
|
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Lia and
Nadia wake up at 5:30 am, and they go to school at 7:30 am.
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Nor
(tidak juga, dan tidak) |
nor sering
didahului negative element
|
He didn’t
answer my message, nor did him friends when I messaged them
last night.
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But
(tapi, namun) |
but untuk
menyatakan pertentangan
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The woman
helped in sincerity, but many people thought negatively
about her.
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Or
(atau) |
or untuk
menyatakan alternatif
|
What do you
prefer to stay at home or go to the beach on this weekend?
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Yet
(namun, meskipun demikian) |
yet untuk
menyatakan pertentangan dan semakna “nevertheless” atau “but”
|
The book is
thin, yet the text is small.
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So
(jadi, oleh karena itu) |
so semakna
“therefore” dan diikuti result (hasil, konsekuensi)
|
She has
lived in Madrid for more than six years,so she can speak English
well.
|
Subordinate connectors adalah
kata hubung yang mengawali suatu subordinate
clause (berupa adverbial clause) yang berfungsi membangun
hubungan ide antara subordinate clause tersebut dengan main clause.
Adapun gabungan antara dependent dan main clause menghasilkan
complex sentence.
Subordinate connectors digunakan
pada subordinate clause, yaitu bagian yang idenya kurang
penting dibanding pada main clause. Connectors ini
memiliki antara lain hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place), pertentangan
(contrast), sebab akibat (cause-effect), syarat (condition), tujuan (reason),
dan cara (manner).
Contoh kalimat dengan subordinate
connectors dengan hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place), dan
pertentangan (contrast) adalah sebagai berikut.
|
Hubungan
|
Subordinate
Connectors
|
Contoh
Kalimat Subordinate Connectors (Complex Sentence)
|
|
Time
(waktu) |
after
(setelah), as (ketika, sementara), as soon as (segera setelah), before (sebelum), once (segera setelah), since (sejak), until/till (sampai), when (ketika), whenever (kapan saja, sewaktu-waktu), while (ketika, sementara) |
After I
changed the APN, I unplugged my modem and waited for 10 minutes.
|
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As soon
as/once they finish filling the questionnaire, Mira will process the
data.
|
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Brian found
so much expired drink
when she
was cleaning the kitchen.
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Before she
went to Madiun, she got her flowers watered.
|
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Since the
boy bought a PS4, he forgot to study for exam.
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The students
focused on the test until/till the time was over.
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We can come
to her house whenever we want.
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While I
was studying in my room, I didn’t let someone else to disturb.
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Place
(tempat) |
where
(dimana), wherever (dimanapun) |
Nobody knows where he
lives now.
|
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We should be
polite and pleasant wherever we live.
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Contrast(pertentangan)
|
although,
even though, though (meskipun), whereas (sebaliknya, sedangkan), while (meskipun), even if (kalaupun) |
She goes
forward such a tank although / even though / though many
friends confronts her dream.
|
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Although/even
though/while I’m annoyed, I try to think positively.
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Even if Rista
is not qualified enough to enter the top university, he’ll try again next
year.
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I like doing
execise whereas my sister like sleeping.
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Correlative Connectors adalah
kata hubung yang digunakan berpasangan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara dua
kata, frasa (phrase), atau klausa (clause). Elemen kalimat yang
dihubungkanbiasanya bersifat paralel (ke dudukannya sejajar)
secara struktur gramatikal. Kata hubung ini disebut juga paired
connectors.
Beberapa contoh kalimat dengan correlative
connectors dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
|
Correlative
Connectors
|
ContohKalimat
Correlative Connectors |
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as … as
(se-) |
Saras is as beautiful as her
sister.
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between …
and …
(diantara … dan …) |
There are no
difference between you and her.
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both …
and …
(baik … maupun) |
He loves both swimming and yoga.
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either …
or …
(entah … atau …) neither … nor (tidak … atau …) |
The man is neither handsome nor faithful.
|
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Either Risa or her
mother is a scientist.
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from … to
…
|
I travelled from England to Switzerland
in four days.
|
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hardly …
when / no sooner … than / scarcely … when
|
Hardly had
you left the bar when the party was started.
|
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No sooner did
I send the email than the reply came.
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Scarcely had
I finished my work when I went to bed.
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if … then
|
If you
help him now, then he’ll repay oneday.
|
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not … but
(tidak … tapi) not only … but also … (tak hanya … tapi juga) |
Cika is not his
girl friend but his cousin.
|
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He can
drive not only a car but also an aeroplane.
|
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rather …
than
|
My parents
would rather have lunch in a traditional restaurant than have
lunch in a fast food restaurant.
|
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the more
… the less
(semakin banyak …, semakin sedikit …) the more … the more (semakin banyak …, semakin banyak) |
The more we
learn grammar, the less we face the difficulty in writing.
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The more you
give alms to others, the more you get rewards from God.
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whether …
or …
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I’m confused whether to
live in Jakarta or to live in Malang.
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RELATIVE CLAUSE
“relative clause” adalah
anak kalimat yang memodifikasi noun ( kata benda ) atau noun phrase.
Contoh :
The boy who
is sitting is the manager
The noun the boy dimodifikasi
oleh the relative clause “who is sitting.”
Relative clauses memberikan
informasi penting untuk menjelaskan atau mengidentifikasi orang – orang atau
benda yang sedang kita bicarakan.
Bagaimana menggunakan
relative clauses
Mereka digunakan untuk
menyediakan informasi tambahan. Dibawah ini adalah contoh informasi tambahan
yang dimaksud:
Menjelaskan sesuatu (menjelaskan
klausa),
Contoh:
The boy who is talking there is a candidate of the winner in this competition.
The boy who is talking there is a candidate of the winner in this competition.
Atau memberikan sesuatu yang
tidak dibutuhkan tetapi merupakan informasi yang menarik).
Contoh:
Adam Johnson, who was a famous actor, died of an accident.
Adam Johnson, who was a famous actor, died of an accident.
Relative clauses dapat dibagi
menjadi:
- A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.
Contoh: “The
girl whois standing there is my sister.”
- A relative adverb: where, why and when.
Contoh: ”The
park where I have visited is beautiful.”
- None of them.
Contoh: “The
girl I met is so beautiful”
ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB
Adjective (kata
sifat) memberikan informasi tentang kata benda. Contoh:
- She’s an excellent dancer.
- I’ve got a new apartment.
Adverb (kata
keterangan) merubah kata kerja, yakni kata keterangan menjelaskan bagaimana
sesuatu dilakukan. Contoh:
- She learns quickly.
- You can speak English well.
Adjective (kata sifat), Adjective bisa
ditempatkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh:
- This is a beautiful bird.
- “This is a bird beautiful.” tidak benar.
Kata sifat memberikan informasi
seperti ukuran (kecil, besar), bentuk (bulat, persegi), warna (kuning, hijau),
kebangsaan (Cina, Polandia), dan opini (baik, buruk).
Adjective tidak
mengalami perubahan yang tergantung pada jumlah (tunggal atau jamak). Contoh:
- She has a cute puppy.
- She has three cute puppies.
Perhatikan bahwa adjective (cute)
tidak mengalami perubahan baik dalam bentuk tunggal (puppy) maupun jamak
(puppies).
Adjective juga bisa ditempatkan
setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti be, feel, look, dan taste.
Contoh:
- I’m really happy today.
- She’s got a new job so she feels great.
- You look wonderful!
- This chicken tastes delicious.
Adverb (kata keterangan)
Adverb sering
dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ly di belakang adjective. Contoh:
- quick (adjective) - He’s quick at learning new things.
- quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.
- bad (adjective) - He didn’t get a bad test score.
- badly (adverb) - He didn’t do badly in his test.
Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari
adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-y”ganti “-y” dengan “-i”
dan tambahkan “-ly“. Contoh:
- easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.
- easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.
- happy (adjective) - He’s a happy man.
- happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.
Untuk adverb yang terbentuk dari
adjective yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-le” ganti “-le” dengan
“-ly“. Contoh:
- simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.
- simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.
Beberapa adverb sama dengan
adjective. Contoh:
- He runs fast (adverb) - He’s a fast runner. (adjective)
- He studies hard. (adverb) - It’s a hard life. (adjective)
Adverb untuk “good” adalah
“well“. Contoh:
- She’s a good pianist.
- She plays the piano well.
Adverb juga bisa mengubah
adjective dan adverb-adverb lainnya. Contoh:
- That’s a good book.
- That’s a very good book.
- She’s a talented girl.
- She’s an incredibly talented girl.
- You’re right!
- You’re absolutely right!
